Health Ombudsman, Epigenetics

31st March 2025

Dear Health Ombudsman,

Commonwealth Ombudsman Our ref: 2025-805717

Health Ombudsman Reference Number: 202503445

Epigenetic Changes: Neurotoxins like dioxins and pesticides may cause epigenetic changes that affect gene expression in the offspring. These changes could increase the likelihood of developing neurodegenerative diseases later in life, even in the absence of direct exposure.

Several American researchers have conducted studies on the epigenetic effects of dioxin exposure:

• Michael K. Skinner: Affiliated with Washington State University, Dr. Skinner’s research focuses on epigenetic transgenerational inheritance. His studies have demonstrated that dioxin exposure in pregnant rats can lead to adult-onset diseases and sperm epimutations in subsequent generations. 

• Linda S. Birnbaum: As the former director of the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) and the National Toxicology Program (NTP), Dr. Birnbaum has extensively researched the health effects of environmental pollutants, including dioxins. Her work has significantly contributed to understanding how dioxins influence gene expression through epigenetic mechanisms. 

• Andrea Baccarelli: A professor at the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Dr. Baccarelli has investigated the relationship between environmental exposures and epigenetic modifications. His research includes studies on how exposure to dioxin-like compounds affects DNA methylation patterns, potentially leading to accelerated epigenetic aging. 

• Susan L. Murphy: Affiliated with Duke University, Dr. Murphy’s research encompasses the impact of environmental exposures on the epigenome. She has explored how prenatal exposure to environmental toxicants, such as dioxins, is associated with neurodevelopmental disorders through epigenetic alterations. 

These researchers have significantly advanced our understanding of how dioxin exposure can lead to epigenetic changes, potentially resulting in various health issues, including neurodevelopmental disorders and transgenerational diseases.

Research into the epigenetic effects of dioxin exposure is ongoing. A study published in the International Journal of Molecular Sciences found that higher serum levels of 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) were associated with accelerated epigenetic aging.  However, comprehensive studies directly linking epigenetic changes due to dioxin exposure to specific health conditions in second-generation descendants are still developing.

Summary of Government Responsibilities:

1. Duty of Care: To ensure the health and safety of veterans and their families, especially regarding toxic exposures during military service.

2. Provision of Information: To warn potential victims of health risks associated with Agent Orange exposure and other toxic substances, and to ensure they are educated about the potential long-term effects.

3. Support and Compensation: To provide adequate healthcare, benefits, and compensation to affected individuals, including second-generation victims.

4. Research and Monitoring: To fund ongoing research into the effects of toxic exposure and provide health screening for those potentially affected.

5. International and Legal Responsibility: To meet international obligations regarding the safe use of toxic substances and provide legal avenues for those impacted to seek compensation and justice.

Thank you & regards

Danielle